HD
DVD – A technical introduction
The increased availability of HDTV broadcasting in North America
and Japan, together with the boost that the 2006 Football World
Cup will bring to High Definition in Europe and elsewhere in the
world, makes the introduction of a corresponding HD DVD format
essential. As screen sizes increase, the limitations of standard
definition (SD) video become evident and what was acceptable in
the past suddenly seems less so. Consumer research shows that
perceived picture quality relates directly to viewing distance
and screen size. SD video quality assessment tends towards ‘poor’
as screens increase beyond 36 inches, while HDTV images are still
considered ‘good’ at 60 inches and beyond. HD DVD
satisfies the public demand for high quality HDTV content arising
from increased availability of large screens at affordable prices.
In addition, the spread of broadband and interactive TV has increased
expectations of enhanced interactivity in packaged media.
The DVD Forum – the organization that has regulated DVD
standards since the birth of the format – has worked with
manufacturers and major studios to specify a new disc that is
perfectly matched to the needs of the consumer Home Entertainment
market as welll as PC application. This document summarizes the
major technical features of HD DVD; further information may be
available from the DVD Forum web site; www.dvdforum.org
HD DVD shares the 12cm diameter and 1.2mm thickness of the current
generation of DVD discs, yet is able to deliver eight hours of
High Definition video on a dual-layer, single-sided disc. Enhanced
interactivity, multi-media functions, secure AACS content protection
and the capacity to store ten thousand average MP3 tracks on one
disc means that the HD DVD format matches the real-world needs
of today’s consumer market. For the IT industry, a double-sided
HD DVD-R disc can hold up to 30GBytes of data. For replicators,
there is the reassurance that today’s DVDs can be produced
on tomorrow’s HD DVD lines.
HD
DVD systems play the current generation of red laser DVD discs
without problems but part of the secret of their increased data
capacity lies in the use of new blue-violet lasers, operating
at the other extreme of the visible light spectrum. For comparison
with the light wavelengths shown here, a human hair averages around
100,000 nanometers thick.
When the original DVD format was launched in Japan in 1996, MPEG-2
video compression at around eight Mbps was specified. Since then
codec efficiencies have improved considerably, though some broadcasters
believe that satisfactory reception of High Definition MPEG-2
pictures in the home requires up to 19.3 Mbps. Some videophiles
even consider that data rates of 25 Mbps are needed to view HD
at the ultimate quality. However, alternative codecs, such as
AVC (MPEG-4) and VC-1(Windows Media) are now available that can
reduce HD data rates to eight Mbps or even below.
HD DVD discs can deliver HD at any of these bitrates, while still
accommodating a full-length feature. The complete ‘Gone
with the Wind’ for example, running 233 minutes, could fit
on a single HD DVD disc at 25 Mbps using MPEG-2 HL compression.
Using greater bandwidth than the figures proposed by HDTV satellite
operators, the new compression strategies allow an hour or more
of value-added material to accompany the longest movie: HD DVD
is designed from the start to be relevant to the actual needs
of content owners and their audience.
Technically, the HD DVD disc builds on the experience gained from
the conventional DVD format. There is a choice of three video
compression strategies for example: MPEG-2 HL [a higher resolution
version of MPEG-2 ML used on existing DVDs]; AVC [MPEG-4] which
achieves comparable quality at a significantly lower bit rate
and VC-1 [previously known as Windows Media 9 from Microsoft].
The file structure on the disc adopts UDF 2.5.
Audiophiles are well catered for in the new HD DVD format. The
existing Dolby Digital [AC-3] and MPEG codecs are joined by Dolby
Digital Plus [DD+] and DTS HD (lossy) as mandatory . Support for
2-channel LPCM, which may be used on current DVDs, is also mandated,
along with the 2-channel MLP format that has been adopted for
DVD-Audio.
The table below summarizes the differences between conventional
DVD-Video specifications and those of the enhanced HD DVD-Video
disc.
Today’s DVD is a widely accepted and very reliable data
storage and delivery system. The 1.2mm thick disc has the data
placed in the middle of a protective outer layer of transparent
plastic. HD DVD has built on this tried and trusted format by
adopting the same physical disc parameters.
As a result, the transition is a relatively simple matter for
equipment manufacturers and disc replicators alike. In tests,
an HD DVD production line has been changed over to conventional
DVD replication in under five minutes. No other disc structure
could offer such evolutionary compatibility, underscoring the
advisability of this approach.
By using a blue-violet laser with a numerical aperture of 0.65
for the lens, the usable spot diameter may be reduced, compared
to the current red laser of DVD. As a consequence, the potential
data density on the disc is increased. Coupled with higher rotational
speed, this allows the maximum data transfer rate to be over three
times DVD, at 36.55Mbps.
The highest quality HDTV [1920x1080] is supported, along with
all recognized subsets through SDTV and down to CIF [320x240].
Additionally, streaming Internet video may be synchronized with
pre-recorded content.
Note: In the following illustrations, multiple laser beams are
shown for convenience, both above and below the disc. In actual
HD DVD drives there is a single laser beam, which illuminates
the disc from below.
![](images/HDDVD002.gif)
Although
the data density is much greater in HD DVD discs, the structure
is very similar to existing DVDs. Discs may be single or double-sided,
giving a total storage potential of 60GB on a single disc.
Alternative architectures include the ‘Combination’
disc, in which one side may be a conventional DVD-9 and the other
a dual layer HD DVD. This offers a single inventory product for
retailers and a future-proof acquisition for consumers. There
is also a technology proposal, approved by the DVD Forum as a
format option in HD DVD-ROM version 1.2, for a ‘Twin format’
disc, in which the layer closest to the pick-up head is reflective
to red and transparent to blue-violet light. With this structure,
a conventional DVD video player ‘sees’ the disc as
a normal DVD-5, while the blue laser penetrates the first layer
to read the HD DVD data behind.
![](images/HDDVD003.gif)
To
summarize the family of HD DVD discs:
-
HD DVD-ROM is a 12cm disc, 1.2mm thick, replicated
as either single or dual layer, with a storage capacity of 15GB
for a single layer and 30GB for a dual layer disc. Double sided
versions increase capacity to 30GB and 60GB respectively.
-
3X DVD-ROM Brings the higher data rate of HD
DVD to the conventional format, enabling 135 minutes of HD content
to be placed on a DVD-ROM, using AVC or VC-1 codecs.
-
8 cm mini HD DVD offers 4.7GB in single layer
form and 9.4GB as dual layer. A double-sided disc is part of
the standard.
-
HD DVD-R write once discs can hold 15 GB per
side, 30GB total.
-
HD DVD-RW re-writable discs store 20GB on each
side, 40GB total.
AACS
Advanced Access Content System is the result of collaboration
between the major Studios and the Consumer Electronics and IT
industries. Founders of the venture include Toshiba, Microsoft,
IBM and Warner Bros. The HD DVD format implements the AACS solutions
for digital delivery and consumer access to next generation digital
equipment.
AACS is the 128-bit successor to CSS – the Content Scrambling
System used in today’s DVDs. It takes over where previous
content protection leaves off, providing protection for both HD
and SD content on HD DVD discs.
As
well as inhibiting illegal copying, it enables the management
of content transfer to other devices where permitted, as for example
the transfer to the Home Media Server. It is applicable equally
to stand-alone, networked and portable consumer devices and also
incorporates strategies to protect content from non-digital copying.
The Content owner provides the authored HD DVD data to a licensed
replicator, together with the rules for content usage.
The AACS Licensing Authority provides the replicator with secret
keys and a Content Certificate, cryptographically signed, together
with data that allows compromised devices and content to be blocked.
The replicator then manufactures the HD DVD discs, which carry
the encrypted content and the AACS data, and they are shipped
to the customers.
AACS LA also supplies Device Keys and the Public Key to licensed
player manufacturers, which will allow legally produced discs
to play without problems. At the discretion of the Content owner,
additional business streams can be created, with Service Providers
offering Premium content, synchronized language and subtitle options,
and offer other transactional and business links over the Internet.
The HD DVD-Video structure includes extended
versions of the conventional DVD-Video object (VOB) and Video
navigation. Exclusive to HD DVD-Video is the Advanced Object,
encompassing advanced graphics and text that, for example, makes
possible user selection of subtitle font and positioning, benefiting
both hearing and visually impaired viewers.
Advanced Navigation makes it possible to retrieve and render graphic,
video or audio content in real time, synchronized with the locally
derived master being viewed and without interruption of the primary
audio and video. Streaming objects are also allowed for, with
HD DVD player support for IP version 4.
Authoring tools are already available from industry-leading companies,
catering for professionals wishing to create complex HD DVD projects
and prosumer users.
For more information about HD DVD and the work of the DVD Forum,
contact the Office of the Secretary, Daimon Urbanist Bldg 6F,
2-3-6 Shibadaimon, Minato-ku, TOKYO 105-0012 Telephone: +81 3-5777-2881
Fax: +81 3-5777-2882 http://www.dvdforum.org
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